Voice of America Bethany Relay Station

Voice of America Bethany Relay Station
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
VOA Bethany Relay Station
Location	8070 Tylersville Road West Chester, Ohio
Coordinates	39°21′18″N 84°21′24″W
Built	1944
Architectural style	Art Deco
NRHP reference No.	06001081
Added to NRHP	November 28, 2006

The Voice of America Bethany Relay Station, located in Butler County, Ohio, about 25 miles north of Cincinnati, was constructed by the U.S. government during World War II, to broadcast news and information to Europe and South America beginning in 1943. Once one of the world’s most powerful radio shortwave stations, it was decommissioned in 1994 and now operates as a non-profit museum.

This facility and others were constructed after President Franklin D. Roosevelt recognized the urgent need to increase U.S. shortwave radio capacity to broadcast information overseas. Roosevelt created the Office of War Information to counter government-controlled radio programs sponsored by Hitler, Mussolini and Japanese governments that spread messages of hate and propaganda. Roosevelt and OWI rejected the use of propaganda and instead broadcast fact-based news and information.

In the first phase of construction 23 shortwave transmitters were constructed in the USA for the VOA with programs originating from studios in New York until 1954, when VOA located its headquarters in Washington, D.C.

Bethany Construction

Located on approximately 624 acres of farmland, it provided a secure alternative for inland transmission far from the east or west coasts. At that time, transmitters operating in Massachusetts, Long Island and New Jersey were vulnerable to attack from German submarines or invading forces.

Broadcasts were powered by (6) 200,000-watt transmitters built by Crosley Corp., under the supervision of R.J. Rockwell. The station and antenna field were located about one mile west of Crosley’s radio tower for WLW-AM radio station in Mason, Ohio. Construction of Bethany Station began in the summer of 1943, and the first broadcast was transmitted on September 23, 1944.

World War II Impact

Before creation of the Office of War Information, Crosley Corp. had a prior lease and broadcasting arrangement with the U.S. government in 1940, to operate radio station WLWO (WLW Overseas), broadcasting programs to South America and Europe. WLWO used specially designed (top secret) reentrant rhombic antennas to push their signal overseas.

Although WLWO provided Crosley Corp. with some familiarity with overseas broadcasts, the urgent timeline to construct Bethany Station pushed employees into new technological territory, requiring much larger and more powerful transmitters and antennas. Striving for high efficiency and better-quality sound transmission over equipment powerful enough to reach Europe, Mediterranean countries, and South Africa, all efforts would be wasted unless the listeners could receive, hear and understand the broadcasts. Under the Axis regimes, people caught listening to foreign broadcasts were imprisoned or killed, and authorities purposely jammed signals whenever possible. Eventually, Crosley employees were gratified by their efforts – its reputation for reliable, clearer transmissions over a variable schedule infuriated Adolf Hitler, who referred to the station as “those Zinzinnati Liars.”  

The first broadcast aired in September of 1944. By Christmastime, the six transmitters were fully operational, on six international frequencies. The same program broadcast on two frequencies, and operators could switch to new frequencies in ten minutes. Shortwaves bounce off the ionosphere, and broadcast times and frequencies were adjusted throughout the day to assure the best transmission conditions. Bethany Station rebroadcast Winston Churchill’s May 8, 1945, Victory in Europe speech over the course of several days; unlike the BBC or AFN, who did not believe they had enough power to reach Germany. Its power across a range of frequencies and rapid switching ability, changed often to avoid jamming, set it apart from other stations.

Post War

President Harry S. Truman abolished the Office of War Information in 1945. Over the years, various agencies - the State Department and U.S. Information Agency, were responsible for its operation. In 1963, VOA Radio took over, ending the lease with Crosley Corp.

Due to changing technologies, transmissions shifted to satellites. The station was closed November 14, 1994, and the antenna towers brought down over the winter of 1997-1998.

National Voice of America Museum of Broadcasting

Through the Federal Lands to Parks Program, the site was divided into several uses. West Chester Township acquired Bethany Station and 22 acres for historic preservation. Since c losing there were several attempts to develop Bethany Station into a museum. In 2009 a group of citizens and preservationists formed a nonprofit to transform the station into a Museum.[1]

The Museum and event space includes the original Control Room and exhibits illustrating how the station operated and functioned. Displays trace the region’s pioneering legacy contributing to regional and national radio and broadcasting milestones. Highlights covering the Crosley Brothers’ innovations in radio and television broadcasting, national defense and the American consumer economy is featured, as well as a unique STEM lab with hands-on demonstrations.

The Museum is the home of the West Chester Amateur Radio Association (WC8V0A) which has an extensive installation within the Museum.

Governance

The Museum is a non-profit 501(c) (3) organization with a volunteer Board of Directors. With a limited compensated staff, the Museum relies on volunteers for most every aspect of operation.

The National Voice of America Museum of Broadcasting is the main building and campus of the original VOA, Bethany Relay Station.

Adolph Hitler is said to have called the Voice of America Bethany in West Chester, Ohio, “The Cincinnati Liars."

The Bethany Antenna Switching Matrix at the station.

The Voice of America's Bethany Relay Station was located in Butler County, Ohio's Union Township about 25 miles (40 km) north of Cincinnati, adjacent to the transmitter site of WLW. Starting in 1944 during World War II it transmitted American radio programming abroad on shortwave frequencies, using 200,000-watt transmitters built by Crosley engineers under the direction of R.J. Rockwell. The site was developed to provide 'fallback' transmission facilities inland and away from the East Coast, where transmitters were located in Massachusetts, on Long Island in New York, and in New Jersey, all close to the ocean, subject to attack from German submarines or other invading forces.

Programming originated from studios in New York until 1954, when VOA headquarters moved to Washington.

The station operated until 1994. The facility took its name from the Liberty Township community of Bethany, which was about two miles north of the facility.

History

In 1943, the United States government bought nearly all of Section 12 of Township 3, Range 2 of the Symmes Purchase, the northeasternmost section of Union Township. From Hazel Beckley, 170 acres (688,000 m²) were purchased; from Philip Condon, 143 acres (579,000 m²); from Lola Gray Coy, 100 acres (405,000 m²); from John Miller, 69 acres (279,000 m²); and from Suzie Steinman, 142 acres (575,000 m²). The site was chosen for its elevation and its shallow bedrock and is today bounded by Tylersville Road on the south, Cox Road to the west, Liberty Way to the north, and Butler-Warren Road.

The transmitters were built by Powel Crosley Jr.'s Crosley Broadcasting Corporation about one mile west of the company's tower for WLW-AM in Mason.

World War II

The Office of War Information began broadcasting in July 1944 and Adolf Hitler is said to have denounced the "Ohio Liars". At its peak the facility had six transmitters broadcasting on a Clear Channel with 250 kW and two transmitting with 50 kW.

The Bethany Relay Station specialized in bouncing its shortwave signal off the ionosphere to target regions of Europe and would channel hop, which would have forced Nazi Germany to essentially blanket all short wave frequencies to stop it. Called ‘skipping’ by the radio teams, it had been perfected by radio pioneers in several nations but could be unreliable to use.

The time Bethany could broadcast changed based on weather, so summers saw sunset shows and winters produced local noon shows. While some Germans picked up BBC and AFN on radio sets during the war, the Ohio Liars were able to broadcast from Ohio right into the heart of Germany.

Churchill's speech announcing the end of the war was rebroadcast by Bethany Relay Station on 8, 9, 10, and 11 May and was heard by millions of people across Germany. Memories of hearing this speech are often thought of as hokum because AFN and BBC, when they broadcast it, did not feel they had enough power to send radio signals to Germany. Bethany did have the power by using a rare technique and broadcasting at set times of day across a range of frequencies which were changed often to avoid being blocked.

Post War

Following the war, with the OWI abolished, the facility was taken over by the State Department in 1945. It became part of the newly created United States Information Agency in 1953. The Crosley Broadcasting Corporation operated the facility for the government until November 1963, when the Voice of America assumed direct control.

The facility was closed on November 14, 1994; because of changing technologies, the transmissions shifted to satellites. The towers were brought down from December 1997 to February 1998.

Post-closure use

Most of the land was turned over to the county and township for use as a park.

Part in the southwest corner was sold to developers who have erected a shopping center called the Voice of America Centre.

The Miami University Voice of America Learning Center opened on the site in January 2009.

In 2022, the Voice of America Park hosted a large music festival called "Voices of America", in part to honor the history of the station.

National Voice of America Museum of Broadcasting

The 30,000 sq. ft. former Bethany Station building at 8070 Tylersville Road has been transformed into the National Voice of America Museum of Broadcasting, a historical center about the history of The Voice of America, Powel Crosley Jr. and radio and television.

Displays include the radio station control room, re-creations of radio and television studios from the 1920s through the present, Old-time radio memorabilia and from the early days of television, and displays about area pioneers in the development of radio technology.

An amateur radio club, West Chester Amateur Radio Association, operates a ham station using the callsign WC8VOA.

See also

• USCGC Courier (WAGR-410)

Further reading

• Jim Blount. The 1900s: 100 Years In the History of Butler County, Ohio. Hamilton, Ohio: Past Present Press, 2000.
• Virginia I. Shewalter. A History of Union Township, Butler County, Ohio. [West Chester, Ohio?]: The Author, 1979.
• Stern, David & Banks, Michael, CROSLEY: Two Brothers and a Business Empire that Transformed the Nation Cincinnati, Ohio: Clerisy Press, 2006.

External links

• National Voice of America Museum of Broadcasting
• Media Heritage: The Voice of America Museum of Broadcasting
• AmateurLogic Special Presentation on the VOA Museum
• Bob Heil from Ham Nation takes a tour of the VOA Museum