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Robert Zoellick

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Robert Zoellick
11th President of the World Bank Group
In office
July 1, 2007 – June 30, 2012
Preceded byPaul Wolfowitz
Succeeded byJim Yong Kim
14th United States Deputy Secretary of State
In office
February 23, 2005 – June 19, 2006
PresidentGeorge W. Bush
Preceded byRichard Armitage
Succeeded byJohn Negroponte
13th United States Trade Representative
In office
February 7, 2001 – February 22, 2005
PresidentGeorge W. Bush
Preceded byCharlene Barshefsky
Succeeded byRob Portman
White House Deputy Chief of Staff
In office
August 23, 1992 – January 20, 1993
PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush
Preceded byHenson Moore
Succeeded byMark Gearan
12th Undersecretary of State for Economic and Agricultural Affairs
In office
May 20, 1991 – August 23, 1992
PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush
Preceded byDick McCormack
Succeeded byJoan Spero
24th Counselor of the United States Department of State
In office
March 2, 1989 – August 23, 1992
PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush
Preceded byMax Kampelman
Succeeded byTim Wirth
Personal details
Born
Robert Bruce Zoellick

(1953-07-25) July 25, 1953 (age 71)
Naperville, Illinois, U.S.
Political partyRepublican
SpouseSherry Zoellick
EducationSwarthmore College (BA)
Harvard University (JD, MPP)

Robert Bruce Zoellick (/ˈzɛlɪk/; German: [ˈtsœlɪk]; born July 25, 1953)[1] is an American public official and lawyer who was the 11th president of the World Bank Group, a position he held from July 1, 2007, to June 30, 2012.[2] He was previously a managing director of Goldman Sachs,[3] United States Deputy Secretary of State (resigning on July 7, 2006) and U.S. Trade Representative, from February 7, 2001, until February 22, 2005. Zoellick has been a senior fellow at Harvard's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs since ending his term with the World Bank.[4] He is currently a Senior Counselor at Brunswick Group.[5]

A graduate of Swarthmore College and Harvard University, Zoellick served as White House Deputy Chief of Staff under James A. Baker III from 1992 to early 1993.

Early life and education

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Zoellick was born in Naperville, Illinois, the son of Gladys (Lenz) and William T. Zoellick.[6] His ancestors were German[7][8] and he was raised Lutheran.[9]

He graduated in 1971 from Naperville Central High School.[10] In 1975 he received a BA in history from Swarthmore College.[11] In 1981 he received both a J.D. from Harvard Law School and a Master of Public Policy degree from Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government.[12]

Career

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Judicial clerkship (1982–1983)

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Upon graduation from Harvard Law School, Zoellick served as a law clerk for Judge Patricia Wald on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1982 to 1983.[1]

Government service (1985–1992)

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Zoellick was special assistant to Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Richard G. Darman from July to December 1985,[1] and was counselor and executive secretary to United States Secretary of the Treasury James Baker from January to July 1988.[1]

He was issues director for the 1988 George H. W. Bush Presidential campaign from July to November 1988.[1]

During Bush's presidency, Zoellick served with Baker, by then Secretary of State, as Counselor of the United States Department of State from March 1989 to August 1992,[13] and as Under Secretary of State for Economic and Agricultural Affairs from May 1991 to August 1992.[13]

Zoellick served as Bush's personal representative or "sherpa" for the G7 Economic Summits in 1991[14] and 1992.[15] He led the US Delegation to the Two Plus Four talks on German reunification;[16] for his achievements in this role, the Federal Republic of Germany awarded him the Knight Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit.[17]

Baker's book The Politics of Diplomacy describes Zoellick as his "right-hand man on NAFTA".[18] In August 1992, Zoellick was appointed White House Deputy Chief of Staff and Assistant to the President.[19]

Business, academia, and politics (1993–2001)

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After leaving government service, Zoellick served from 1993 to 1997 as an Executive Vice President of Fannie Mae, and was also its General Counsel from 1993 through 1996.[20] Afterwards, Zoellick was John M. Olin Visiting Professor of National Security Affairs at the U.S. Naval Academy (1997–98);[21] and Research Scholar at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the John F. Kennedy School of Government (1999–2001).[22] From July 1999 to February 2001, he was Senior International Advisor to Goldman Sachs.[23]

He served as a member of the board of directors of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1994 through 2001.[24] From 1997 to 2001, he also served as director of the Aspen Strategy Group.[23]

From January 1999 to May 1999, Zoellick was president and CEO of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).[25] He resigned due to pressure from the board, which objected to his role as an occasional adviser to George W. Bush's 2000 presidential campaign.[25]

In the 2000 presidential election campaign, Zoellick served as a foreign policy advisor to George W. Bush as part of a group, led by Condoleezza Rice, which she termed The Vulcans, after her home town of Birmingham, Alabama.[26] James Baker designated him as his second-in-command—"a sort of chief operating officer or chief of staff"—in the 36-day battle over the 2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida.[27]

U.S. Trade Representative (2001–2005)

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George W. Bush named Zoellick U.S. Trade Representative in his first term,[28] making him a member of the Executive Office of the President and Cabinet of the United States. He took office on February 7, 2001.[12]

According to the Office of the United States Trade Representative website, Zoellick completed negotiations to bring China and Taiwan into the World Trade Organization (WTO);[12] developed a strategy to launch new global trade negotiations at the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001 in Doha, Qatar;[12] worked with Congress to enact the 2001 Jordan–United States Free Trade Agreement and the 2001 Vietnam Trade Agreement;[12] and worked with Congress to pass the Trade Act of 2002, which included new Trade Promotion Authority.[12]

According to journalist and author Nikolas Kozloff, Zoellick relentlessly promoted the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) over the objections of labor, environmentalist, and human rights groups, and engaged in fear-mongering around Daniel Ortega and Hugo Chavez to do so.[29]

Zoellick and Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, 2005

Zoellick played a key role in the U.S.-WTO dispute against the European Union over genetically modified foods.[30] Before the U.S. filed its WTO lawsuit against the EU in 2003, Zoellick stated "The EU's moratorium violates WTO rules. People around the world have been eating biotech food for years. Biotech food helps nourish the world's hungry population, offers tremendous opportunities for better health and nutrition, and protects the environment by reducing soil erosion and pesticide use."[30]

Deputy Secretary of State (2005–2006)

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Zoellick with then Premier of South Australia Mike Rann in November 2005
Zoellick (right) with Jan Pronk, the United Nations' special representative to Sudan.

On January 7, 2005, Bush nominated Zoellick to be Deputy Secretary of State.[31] He assumed the office on February 22, 2005.[32]

Zoellick was a major influence on the Bush administration's policies regarding China.[33] In an important speech on September 21, 2005, Zoellick challenged China "to become a 'responsible stakeholder' in the international system, contributing more actively than in the past to help shore up the stability of the international system from which it ha[d] benefited so greatly."[33]

Zoellick was also the Bush administration's point-man on the Darfur conflict peace process, making four trips to Sudan to press the two sides to agree.[34] He spearheaded U.S. efforts in the 2006 Darfur Peace Agreement.[34]

Zoellick resigned his position as U.S. Deputy Secretary of State in June 2006 to rejoin Goldman Sachs, this time as Vice Chairman, International, and to advise the investment bank on global strategy.[35]

President of the World Bank (2007–2012)

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On May 30, 2007, President George W. Bush nominated Zoellick to replace Paul Wolfowitz as President of the World Bank.[36] He took office on July 1, 2007.[37]

In a speech at the National Press Club in Washington in October 2007, Zoellick outlined "six strategic themes in support of the goal of an inclusive and sustainable globalization" to guide the future work of the World Bank: overcoming poverty and spurring sustainable growth in the poorest countries, especially Africa; addressing the problems of states coming out of conflict or seeking to avoid breakdown of the state; using a more differentiated business model for middle-income countries; fostering regional and global public goods that transcend national boundaries and benefit multiple countries and citizens; supporting development and opportunities in the Arab World; and using the World Bank's "brain trust" of applied experience to address the five other strategic themes.[38]

During Zoellick's time at the World Bank, the institution's capital stock was expanded[39] and lending volumes increased to help member countries deal with the global financial and economic crisis;[39] assistance was stepped up to deal with the famine in the Horn of Africa;[40] a major increase in resources was achieved for the institution's soft loan facility, the International Development Association (IDA), which lends to the poorest countries;[41] and a reform was carried out to the World Bank's shareholding, Executive Board and voting structure, to increase the influence of developing and emerging economies in the World Bank's governance.[42]

Zoellick made advances in the use of open data, promoted senior officials from developing countries, addressed climate change, expanded aid during the financial crisis and obtained a capital increase, with developing countries providing more than half.[43]

Zoellick stepped down from the World Bank presidency when his term ended on June 30, 2012.[44]

Senior Fellow at Harvard Kennedy School (2012–present)

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After leaving the World Bank, Zoellick took up the position as a senior fellow at Harvard Kennedy School's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs in July 2012.[45]

From October 2013 to September 2016, he served as Chairman of International Advisors to Goldman Sachs.[46]

Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign

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In August 2012, during the 2012 United States presidential election, Zoellick was appointed to lead the national security portion of Republican candidate Mitt Romney's transition team should he be elected President of the United States.[47] According to political commentator Fred Barnes, writing beforehand in The International Economy magazine, Zoellick at the time was considered a "heavyweight with impressive government experience".[48]

The selection of Zoellick drew criticism from conservatives, especially neoconservatives.[47][49][50]

Romney lost the election to incumbent Barack Obama.[51]

Additional posts

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Zoellick is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations,[52] and was on its board of directors from 1994 through 2001.[24] He is a member of the Trilateral Commission.[23] He was a participant in the Bilderberg Group from 2008 through 2015.[53]

He is also a member of Washington, D.C.–based think tank, The Inter-American Dialogue.[54] He chairs the Global Tiger Initiative,[55] and is a member of the Global Leadership Council of Mercy Corps, a global humanitarian agency.[56]

Since 2013, he has been a member of the board of directors of the Peterson Institute for International Economics,[57] and since 2018 of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.[58] Since June 2021[59] he has been an independent director of Robinhood.[60]

He is a trustee of the Wildlife Conservation Society,[61] and has served on the advisory board of the World Wildlife Fund.[23]

Zoellick was a board member Said Holdings from 1996 to 2001.[62] He was on the board of the Precursor Group from October 2000 to February 2001,[23] and was a member of the advisory board of the venture fund Viventures from October 2000 to February 2001.[23]

Zoellick was a board member of Alliance Capital Management from 1997 to 2001,[23] and served as chairman of AllianceBernstein from 2017 to 2019.[63] He was also on the advisory board of AXA, AllianceBernstein's parent company.[64][65]

From January 1999 to February 2001, he was a member of the advisory council at Enron.[23]

From 2013 to 2023, Zoellick was a board member of Temasek Holdings, Singapore's sovereign wealth fund.[66] Since 2023, he has been Temasek's Chairman, Americas and Chairman of the Temasek Americas Advisory Panel.[66]

He was on the board of directors of Laureate International Universities from December 2013[67] through December 2017.[68]

Jack Dorsey announced on July 19, 2018, that Zoellick would be a member of Twitter's board of directors.[69] As of April 22, 2022, Zoellick had neither posted on Twitter nor liked any other tweet.[70] Elon Musk dissolved Twitter's board of directors in October 2022 after purchasing the website.[71]

He has served on the international advisory board of Rolls-Royce Holdings.[72]

He has served as both a fellow and a trustee of the German Marshall Fund.[73] He has served on the board of the European Institute.[74] He was a member of Secretary William Cohen's Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee.[75]

Honors

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He is a recipient of the Secretary's Distinguished Service Award, the Department of State's highest honor;[citation needed] the Alexander Hamilton Award of the Department of the Treasury;[citation needed] and the Medal for Distinguished Public Service of the Department of Defense.[citation needed]

In 1992, he received the Knight Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany for his eminent achievements in the course of German reunification.[17] In 2002, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Saint Joseph's College in Rensselaer, Indiana.[citation needed] The Mexican and Chilean governments awarded him their highest honors for non-citizens, the Aztec Eagle[citation needed] and the Order of Merit,[citation needed] for recognition of his work on free trade, development, and the environment.

In 2016, he received the Annenberg Award for Excellence in Diplomacy.[76]

In 2017, he was a recipient of the Economic Club of Minnesota's Bill Frenzel Champion of Free Trade Award.[77]

Views

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Zoellick signed the January 26, 1998, letter[78] to President Bill Clinton from Project for a New American Century (PNAC) that noted the "inadequacy of relying on Saddam Hussein's cooperation" in refraining from the use of weapons of mass destruction and urged a strategy aimed at the removal of Saddam Hussein's regime from power in Iraq. The letter pressed President Clinton to employ a "full complement of diplomatic, political and military efforts."[79]

In a January 2000 Foreign Affairs essay entitled "Campaign 2000: A Republican Foreign Policy," he noted five Republican principles (respect for power, building and sustaining coalitions and alliances, recognizing common interests with international agreements and institutions, embracing new technologies for global politics and security, and the continuing presence of bad actors. "[T]here is still evil in the world—people who hate America and the ideas for which it stands. Today, we face enemies who are hard at work to develop nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons, along with the missiles to deliver them. The United States must remain vigilant and have the strength to defeat its enemies. People driven by enmity or by a need to dominate will not respond to reason or goodwill. They will manipulate civilized rules for uncivilized ends."[80] Much of the essay stresses the links between power and economics "The United States needs a strategic economic-negotiating agenda that combines regional agreements with the development of global rules for an open economy." The same essay praises the idealism" of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson.[81]

Robert Zoellick meets with Shinzo Abe in January 2006

In Australia's New Left Review, Gavan McCormack claimed that USTR Zoellick had intervened during a 2004 privatization issue in Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi's re-election campaign: "The office of the U.S. Trade Representative has played an active part in drafting the Japan Post privatization law. An October 2004 letter from Robert Zoellick to Japan's Finance Minister Takenaka Heizo, tabled in the Diet on August 2, 2005, included a handwritten note from Zoellick commending Takenaka. Challenged to explain this apparent U.S. government intervention in a domestic matter, Koizumi merely expressed his satisfaction that Takenaka had been befriended by such an important figure… It is hard to overestimate the scale of the opportunity offered to U.S. and global finance capital by the privatization of the Postal Savings System."[82]

In the lead-up to the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit and in the immediate wake of the U.S. elections and subsequent Fed QE2 monetary-policy move, Zoellick published a suggestion[83] for increased awareness of the function of gold in international currency markets. This was misinterpreted by many economists as a call for the return of some form of gold standard in a post-Bretton Woods II world.[84] Zoellick's response was to point out the misinterpretation: he did not advocate a return to the gold standard, but a new role for gold in currency markets as an alternative monetary asset, which he termed "reference point gold".[85]

In March 2016, Zoellick signed an "open letter" in which GOP national security leaders outlined their reasons not to support a ticket headed by Donald Trump.[86] In August, Zoellick signed a letter from fifty GOP national security officials calling Trump a national security risk.[87]

Zoellick was one of three Cabinet-level Republican officials to oppose Trump's candidacy.[88] In a November 1, 2016, interview with Deutsche Welle Zoellick said "My belief differences with Trump were not only placed on policy – his protectionism, his infatuation with authoritarian leaders and Vladimir Putin. But also that I think he is a narcissistic, ego-driven person and that he would be dangerous. I have had the good fortune to serve a number of different presidents and I know the importance of that job and I don't want him in the Oval Office."[89]

Zoellick has written extensively on foreign policy and international economics. He is a proponent of free trade.[90][91]

In a September 2017 article, he urged Congress to assert its constitutional powers over trade before Trump's policies "unravel vital ties across the Asia-Pacific region, hurt an ally facing a security crisis, destroy a North American partnership ... and subvert confidence in the U.S. around the world."[92] He contributes opinion pieces to the Financial Times, Washington Post and the Wall Street Journal. Zoellick is the author of America in the World.[93]

In a February 2023 panel discussion with Larry Summers Zoellick argued that using the $350bn frozen Russian assets for rebuilding Ukraine’s economy could send a strong signal to Putin.[94]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Sciolino, Elaine (February 23, 1990). "Guardian of Baker's Door at State: A Quick Study Who Rose Rapidly". The New York Times. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  2. ^ "Press Release Regarding the Selection of Mr. Robert B. Zoellick as President of the World Bank", World Bank Group, June 25, 2007, accessed June 26, 2007.
  3. ^ Reuters (2006). Goldman says Zoellick to be vice chairman, intl. Retrieved June 20, 2006.
  4. ^ "Boston Globe". June 28, 2012.
  5. ^ "Robert Zoellick". Brunswick.
  6. ^ "Worldandnation: Mom dishes on Zoellick". Sptimes.com. 2007-05-31. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
  7. ^ "Distinguished German-Americans". 2011.
  8. ^ Becker, Elizabeth; Edmund L. Andrews (2003-02-08). "INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS; Performing a Free Trade Juggling Act, Offstage". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
  9. ^ St. Clair, Stacy (2001-01-12). "Bush's trade post pick got start in Naperville". Daily Herald. Retrieved 2010-01-23.: "Whenever he is in Chicago on business, he drives by his old school and Bethany Lutheran Church where his family worshipped...."
  10. ^ Waldorf, Tim; "New World Bank Head has Naperville Roots." Naperville Sun, 5 June 2007.
  11. ^ Halcyon. Swarthmore College. 1975. pp. 24, 158.
  12. ^ a b c d e f USTR.gov, "Biography of Ambassador Robert B. Zoellick". Archived from the original on January 13, 2005.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link), 30 September 2004
  13. ^ a b "Robert B. Zoellick (1953–)". history.state.gov. Office of the Historian. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  14. ^ Redburn, Tom (July 12, 1991). "For France and G-7, New-Style 'Sherpa'". The New York Times. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  15. ^ Winneker, Craig (May 22, 2001). "'What some people call unilateralism, other people call leadership'". Politico. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  16. ^ Zelikow, Philip (1995). Germany Unified and Europe Transformed. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674353244.
  17. ^ a b "Robert Zoellick". Foreign Policy Research Institute. Retrieved October 10, 2024.
  18. ^ Baker, James Addison; DeFrank, Thomas M. (1995). The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War, and Peace, 1989-1992. Putnam. p. 608. ISBN 9780399140877.
  19. ^ "Robert Zoellick -- Office of the United States Trade Representative". results.gov/leadership. George W. Bush Administration. Archived from the original on August 26, 2004.
  20. ^ "Information Statement". Fannie Mae. 1997. p. 73. Retrieved October 10, 2024.
  21. ^ "Robert B. Zoellick". U.S. Trade Deficit Review Commission. Retrieved October 10, 2024.
  22. ^ Balakrishna, Aditi (June 4, 2007). "Harvard Grad To Head World Bank". Harvard Crimson. Retrieved October 10, 2024.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h Nomination of Robert Zoellick: Hearing Before the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, First Session on the Nomination of Robert Zoellick to be U.S. Trade Representative, January 30, 2001, Volume 4. U.S. Government Printing Office. 2001. pp. 69–72. ISBN 9780160656323.
  24. ^ a b "Annual Report July 1, 2005 - June 30, 2006" (PDF). Council on Foreign Relations. 2006. p. 72. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  25. ^ a b Harwood, John (May 6, 1999). "Zoellick Resigns From a Think Tank Amid Tension Over His Advice to Bush". The Wall Street Journal.
  26. ^ Rice, Condoleezza (2011). No Higher Honor. Crown. pp. 4, 5.
  27. ^ Jeffrey Toobin, Too Close to Call: The Thirty-Six-Day Battle to Decide the 2000 Election (New York: Random House, 2002), p. 95.
  28. ^ Kahn, Joseph (January 12, 2001). "Man in the News; A Washington Veteran for Labor; a Tested Negotiator for Trade; Robert Bruce Zoellick". The New York Times. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  29. ^ Kozloff, Nikolas (November 7, 2006). "In Nicaragua, a Chavez Wave?". CounterPunch. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  30. ^ a b Moore, Andrew (July 2003). "Food fights". EMBO Reports. 4 (7): 647–649. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.embor894. PMC 1326333. PMID 12835747. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  31. ^ President Nominates Ambassador Zoellick as Deputy Secretary of State, Archives.gov, 2005-01-07
  32. ^ "Robert B. Zoellick". Archive - U.S. Department of State. Retrieved October 18, 2024.
  33. ^ a b Christensen, Thomas (2015). The China Challenge. W.W.Norton & Company. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-393-08113-8.
  34. ^ a b Kessler, Glenn (May 6, 2006). "Sudanese, Rebels Sign Peace Plan For Darfur". Washington Post. Retrieved October 19, 2024.
  35. ^ McManus, Doyle (June 20, 2006). "Zoellick, State Dept.'s Strategist on Darfur and China, to Resign". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 19, 2024.
  36. ^ "US nominates new World Bank chief". BBC News. May 30, 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  37. ^ "Robert Zoellick". The Globalist. Retrieved October 19, 2024.
  38. ^ "An Inclusive & Sustainable Globalization" (Remarks by Robert B. Zoellick at the National Press Club). October 10, 2007. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
  39. ^ a b "Development Committee: Communique" (PDF). April 25, 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  40. ^ "Development Committee Communique" (PDF). September 24, 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  41. ^ "IDA16 Replenishment". International Development Association.
  42. ^ "IDA16 Replenishment" (PDF). International Development Association. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  43. ^ "The quiet revolutionary who saved the World Bank". Financial Times.(Subscription required.)
  44. ^ "Robert B. Zoellick". Britannica. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  45. ^ "Harvard Kennedy School website". Harvard Kennedy School. Archived from the original on 2012-09-06. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
  46. ^ "Twitter Appoints Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala and Robert Zoellick to Board of Directors". PR Newswire. July 19, 2018. Retrieved October 19, 2024.
  47. ^ a b Rubin, Jennifer (August 8, 2012). "Romney foreign policy misstep, a big one". Washington Post. Retrieved October 19, 2024.
  48. ^ Barnes, Fred (Summer 2012). "Reading Romney's Mind" (PDF). The International Economy. pp. 18–21, 56. Retrieved October 19, 2024.
  49. ^ Hudson, John (August 10, 2012). "James Baker Throws a Lifeline to Embattled Romney Adviser". The Atlantic. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  50. ^ Warner, Margaret (August 23, 2012). "Potshots from Left and Right Target Romney's Foreign Policy Team". PBS News. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  51. ^ Rogin, Josh (7 November 2012). "The Romney national security transition team that might have been". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  52. ^ "Membership Roster". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  53. ^
  54. ^ "Inter-American Dialogue | Robert Zoellick". www.thedialogue.org. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
  55. ^ "Charter Members – GTI Council".
  56. ^ "Robert B. Zoellick". Mercy Corps.
  57. ^ "Peterson Institute for International Economics". PIIE.[permanent dead link]
  58. ^ "Robert B. Zoellick to Join the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Board of Trustees". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  59. ^ "Robinhood Markets Welcomes Three New Directors to Board". Under the Hood. June 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  60. ^ "Board of Directors". Robinhood. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  61. ^ "WCS Trustees & Senior Management - WCS.org". www.wcs.org. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  62. ^ "Said Holdings". OffshoreLeaks.ICIJ.org. International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  63. ^ "Robert B. Zoellick | AB". www.alliancebernstein.com. 16 May 2024.
  64. ^ "The First Meeting - February 3, 2015". AXA. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  65. ^ "Robert B. Zoellick". American Academy of Diplomacy. 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  66. ^ a b "Robert Zoellick to Step Down from the Temasek Board and Take on New Appointment as Chairman, Americas". Temasek. June 29, 2023. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  67. ^ Silverman, Gary (July 21, 2016). "Hillary and Bill Clinton: The for-profit partnership". Financial Times. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  68. ^ "Schedule 14A". Securities and Exchange Commission. Laureate Education. April 13, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  69. ^ "Jack Dorsey Tweet". Twitter. July 19, 2018.
  70. ^ "Elon Musk agrees with tweet saying 'game is rigged' if he can't buy Twitter". Fox Business. April 16, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  71. ^ "Elon Musk dissolves Twitter's board of directors". BBC News. October 31, 2022. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  72. ^ "Board of Directors" (PDF). Rolls-Royce Holdings. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  73. ^ Zoellick, Robert (December 4, 2018). "George HW Bush's Presidency Transformed Global Relations". German Marshall Fund. Financial Times. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  74. ^ "Robert Zoellick". Partnership for a Secure America. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  75. ^ "ROBERT B. ZOELLICK". govinfo.library.unt.edu. Retrieved 2019-10-09.
  76. ^ "Walter and Leonore Annenberg Excellence in Diplomacy Award". The American Academy of Diplomacy.
  77. ^ "2016-2017 REPORT" (PDF). Economic Club of Minnesota.
  78. ^ Letter to President Clinton on Iraq, New American Century, archived from the original on 2008-09-09
  79. ^ "Iraq Clinton letter". New American Century. January 26, 1998. Archived from the original on 2008-09-09.
  80. ^ Leonard, Andrew (29 May 2007). "Bush and the World Bank: Bloody but unbowed". Salon. Salon Media Group.
  81. ^ "Campaign 2000: A Republican Foreign Policy". Foreign Affairs. 79 (1): 71.
  82. ^ McCormack, Gavan (September–October 2005). "Koizumi's coup". New Left Review. II (35). New Left Review.
  83. ^ Oliver, Chris, "World Bank chief calls for new gold standard", Marketwatch, November 7, 2010. Retrieved November 9, 2010.
  84. ^ Zoellick, Robert, "The G20 must look beyond Bretton Woods II", Financial Times, November 7, 2010. Retrieved November 9, 2010.
  85. ^ Zoellick, Robert, "Zoellick urges G20 to heed gold price", Financial Times, November 10, 2010. Retrieved November 10, 2010.
  86. ^ "Open Letter on Donald Trump". 3 March 2016.
  87. ^ Sanger, David (August 9, 2016). "50 from G.O.P. Declare Trump a Security Risk". The New York Times.
  88. ^ Zakaria, Fareed (June 16, 2016). "To the Republicans who have been silent on Trump -- your honor is at stake". The Washington Post.
  89. ^ "Ex-World Bank chief believes Donald Trump is 'dangerous,' an 'ego-driven narcissist'". DW.COM. 2016-11-01.
  90. ^ Zoellick, Robert (September 19, 2016). "The Case for Trade, and Why American Leaders Need to Make It". Harvard Business Review.
  91. ^ Zoellick, Robert (August 8, 2016). "Trump Gets It Wrong: Trade is a Winner for Americans". The Wall Street Journal.
  92. ^ Zoellick, Robert (September 6, 2017). "Trump's Looming Trade Crack-Up". The Wall Street Journal.
  93. ^ "Robert Zoellick Explains How The History Of US Diplomacy Can Shape Foreign Policy". www.wbur.org. 17 August 2020.
  94. ^ Atlantic Council: video
[edit]
Library resources about
Robert Zoellick
By Robert Zoellick
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Zoellick.
Political offices
Preceded by Counselor of the United States Department of State
1989–1992 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Undersecretary of State for Economic and Agricultural Affairs
1991–1992 		Succeeded by
Preceded by United States Trade Representative
2001–2005 		Succeeded by
Preceded by United States Deputy Secretary of State
2005–2006 		Succeeded by
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by President of the World Bank Group
2007–2012 		Succeeded by
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